This Framework Parallels the Foundations of Nursing as a Science and Nursing as an Art
In this guide for nursing theories, nosotros aim to help you sympathize what comprises a nursing theory and its importance, purpose, history, types, or classifications, and requite you an overview through summaries of selected nursing theories.
What are Nursing Theories?
Nursing theories are organized bodies of noesis to define what nursing is, what nurses exercise, and why they do information technology. Nursing theories provide a style to define nursing as a unique discipline that is separate from other disciplines (eastward.one thousand., medicine). It is a framework of concepts and purposes intended to guide nursing practice at a more concrete and specific level.
Nursing, as a profession, is committed to recognizing its own unparalleled torso of noesis vital to nursing practice—nursing science. To distinguish this foundation of knowledge, nurses need to identify, develop, and understand concepts and theories in line with nursing. As a science, nursing is based on the theory of what nursing is, what nurses do, and why. Nursing is a unique discipline and is separate from medicine. Information technology has its own body of knowledge on which delivery of care is based.
Defining Terms
The evolution of nursing theory demands an understanding of selected terminologies, definitions, and assumptions.
- Philosophy. These are beliefs and values that define a style of thinking and are generally known and understood past a group or subject field.
- Theory. A belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the footing of action. It refers to a logical group of full general propositions used as principles of explanation. Theories are also used to describe, predict, or command phenomena.
- Concept. Concepts are often called the building blocks of theories. They are primarily the vehicles of thought that involve images.
- Models. Models are representations of the interaction among and between the concepts showing patterns. They nowadays an overview of the theory's thinking and may demonstrate how theory can be introduced into practise.
- Conceptual framework. A conceptual framework is a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. It is frequently used interchangeably with the conceptual model and with grand theories.
- Proposition. Propositions are statements that depict the human relationship between the concepts.
- Domain. The domain is the perspective or territory of a profession or discipline.
- Procedure. Processes are organized steps, changes, or functions intended to bring about the desired result.
- Image. A prototype refers to a pattern of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world, worldview, or widely accepted value system.
- Metaparadigm. A metaparadigm is the most general statement of discipline and functions as a framework in which the more than restricted structures of conceptual models develop. Much of the theoretical piece of work in nursing focused on articulating relationships amid four major concepts: person, environment, wellness, and nursing.
History of Nursing Theories
The kickoff nursing theories appeared in the late 1800s when a strong emphasis was placed on nursing education.
- In 1860, Florence Nightingale defined nursing in her "Environmental Theory" every bit "the act of utilizing the patient'due south environment to assist him in his recovery."
- In the 1950s, at that place is a consensus amid nursing scholars that nursing needed to validate itself through the product of its own scientifically tested body of knowledge.
- In 1952, Hildegard Peplau introduced her Theory of Interpersonal Relations that emphasizes the nurse-customer relationship as the foundation of nursing do.
- In 1955, Virginia Henderson conceptualized the nurse'south office as assisting sick or good for you individuals to gain independence in meeting xiv fundamental needs. Thus her Nursing Demand Theory was developed.
- In 1960, Faye Abdellah published her work "Typology of 21 Nursing Problems," which shifted the focus of nursing from a illness-centered arroyo to a patient-centered approach.
- In 1962, Ida Jean Orlando emphasized the reciprocal relationship between patient and nurse and viewed nursing's professional person function as finding out and meeting the patient'south immediate need for assist.
- In 1968, Dorothy Johnson pioneered the Behavioral System Model and upheld the fostering of efficient and effective behavioral performance in the patient to prevent illness.
- In 1970, Martha Rogers viewed nursing as both a science and an art as it provides a mode to view the unitary human being, who is integral with the universe.
- In 1971, Dorothea Orem stated in her theory that nursing care is required if the customer is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs.
- In 1971, Imogene King'southward Theory of Goal attainment stated that the nurse is considered part of the patient's environment and the nurse-patient relationship is for meeting goals towards skillful health.
- In 1972, Betty Neuman, in her theory, states that many needs be, and each may disrupt client residue or stability. Stress reduction is the goal of the organisation model of nursing practice.
- In 1979, Sr. Callista Roy viewed the private equally a set of interrelated systems that maintain the residual betwixt these various stimuli.
- In 1979, Jean Watson developed the philosophy of caring, highlighted humanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine with scientific knowledge and nursing practice.
Four major concepts are frequently interrelated and fundamental to nursing theory: person, environment, health, and nursing. These 4 are collectively referred to as metaparadigm for nursing.
Person
Person (also referred to as Customer or Human Beings) is the recipient of nursing care and may include individuals, patients, groups, families, and communities.
Environment
Environment (or situation) is defined as the internal and external environs that affect the client. It includes all positive or negative weather that affect the patient, the physical surroundings, such as families, friends, and meaning others, and the setting for where they get for their healthcare.
Health
Wellness is defined as the degree of wellness or well-being that the customer experiences. It may accept dissimilar meanings for each patient, the clinical setting, and the wellness care provider.
Nursing
The nurse's attributes, characteristics, and actions provide care on behalf of or in conjunction with the client. There are numerous definitions of nursing, though nursing scholars may have difficulty like-minded on its exact definition. The ultimate goal of nursing theories is to improve patient care.
You'll detect that these iv concepts are used oft and defined differently throughout dissimilar nursing theories. Each nurse theorist's definition varies by their orientation, nursing experience, and different factors that affect the theorist'due south nursing view. The person is the master focus, but how each theorist defines the nursing metaparadigm gives a unique have specific to a particular theory. To requite y'all an example, below are the different definitions of diverse theorists on the nursing metaparadigm:
Components of Nursing Theories
For a theory to exist a theory, it has to contain concepts, definitions, relational statements, and assumptions that explicate a phenomenon. It should likewise explain how these components chronicle to each other.
Phenomenon
A term given to describe an idea or response nigh an event, a state of affairs, a process, a group of events, or a grouping of situations. Phenomena may be temporary or permanent. Nursing theories focus on the phenomena of nursing.
Concepts
Interrelated concepts define a theory. Concepts are used to assist describe or label a phenomenon. They are words or phrases that identify, ascertain, and plant structure and boundaries for ideas generated well-nigh a detail miracle. Concepts may be abstract or physical.
- Abstract Concepts. Defined as mentally constructed independently of a specific time or place.
- Concrete Concepts. Are direct experienced and related to a item time or place.
Definitions
Definitions are used to convey the general meaning of the concepts of the theory. Definitions tin can exist theoretical or operational.
- Theoretical Definitions. Define a particular concept based on the theorist'southward perspective.
- Operational Definitions. States how concepts are measured.
Relational Statements
Relational statements define the relationships between two or more concepts. They are the chains that link concepts to i another.
Assumptions
Assumptions are accepted equally truths and are based on values and beliefs. These statements explain the nature of concepts, definitions, purpose, relationships, and structure of a theory.
Why are Nursing Theories Of import?
Nursing theories are the footing of nursing practice today. In many cases, nursing theory guides knowledge evolution and directs education, research, and exercise. Historically, nursing was not recognized as an academic discipline or every bit a profession we view today. Earlier nursing theories were developed, nursing was considered to be a task-oriented occupation. The training and office of nurses were under the direction and control of the medical profession. Let's take a look at the importance of nursing theory and its significance to nursing practice:
- Nursing theories help recognize what should set the foundation of do by explicitly describing nursing.
- By defining nursing, a nursing theory also helps nurses sympathise their purpose and office in the healthcare setting.
- Theories serve as a rationale or scientific reasons for nursing interventions and give nurses the knowledge base necessary for interim and responding appropriately in nursing intendance situations.
- Nursing theories provide the foundations of nursing practice, generate further knowledge, and indicate which direction nursing should develop in the future (Brown, 1964).
- Past providing nurses a sense of identity, nursing theory tin help patients, managers, and other healthcare professionals to acknowledge and understand the unique contribution that nurses brand to the healthcare service (Draper, 1990).
- Nursing theories prepare the nurses to reverberate on the assumptions and question the nursing values, thus further defining nursing and increasing the knowledge base.
- Nursing theories aim to define, predict, and demonstrate nursing phenomenon (Chinn and Jacobs, 1978).
- It tin be regarded as an attempt by the nursing profession to maintain and preserve its professional limits and boundaries.
- In many cases, nursing theories guide knowledge development and directs education, enquiry, and practice, although each influences the others. (Fitzpatrick and Whall, 2005).
Purposes of Nursing Theories
The main purpose of theory in nursing is to amend exercise past positively influencing the health and quality of life of patients. Nursing theories are likewise developed to define and describe nursing care, guide nursing practise, and provide a basis for clinical decision-making. In the past, the accomplishments of nursing led to the recognition of nursing in an academic discipline, inquiry, and profession.
In Academic Discipline
Much of the before nursing programs identified the major concepts in one or two nursing models, organized the concepts, and build an entire nursing curriculum effectually the created framework. These models' unique linguistic communication was typically introduced into program objectives, form objectives, course descriptions, and clinical performance criteria. The purpose was to explain the fundamental implications of the profession and heighten the profession's status.
In Research
The development of theory is primal to the enquiry process, where it is necessary to employ theory as a framework to provide perspective and guidance to the research written report. Theory tin can also be used to guide the research process by creating and testing phenomena of interest. To improve the nursing profession's ability to see societal duties and responsibilities, there needs to be a continuous reciprocal and cyclical connection with theory, practice, and inquiry. This will help connect the perceived "gap" betwixt theory and exercise and promote the theory-guided practise.
In Profession
Clinical practice generates research questions and knowledge for theory. In a clinical setting, its primary contribution has been the facilitation of reflecting, questioning, and thinking about what nurses do. Considering nurses and nursing practise are oft subordinate to powerful institutional forces and traditions, introducing any framework that encourages nurses to reflect on, question, and think about what they do provide an invaluable service.
Nomenclature of Nursing Theories
At that place are different ways to categorize nursing theories. They are classified depending on their function, levels of brainchild, or goal orientation.
Past Abstraction
There are iii major categories when classifying nursing theories based on their level of abstraction: grand theory, middle-range theory, and practice-level theory.
Yard Nursing Theories
- Grand theories are abstruse, broad in telescopic, and complex, therefore requiring farther research for clarification.
- Grand nursing theories do not guide specific nursing interventions but rather provide a general framework and nursing ideas.
- Grand nursing theorists develop their works based on their own experiences and their time, explaining why in that location is and so much variation among theories.
- Address the nursing metaparadigm components of person, nursing, wellness, and surround.
Middle-Range Nursing Theories
- More limited in scope (compared to k theories) and nowadays concepts and propositions at a lower level of abstraction. They address a specific phenomenon in nursing.
- Due to the difficulty of testing grand theories, nursing scholars proposed using this level of theory.
- Most middle-range theories are based on a grand theorist's works, but they tin can be conceived from enquiry, nursing practice, or the theories of other disciplines.
Practice-Level Nursing Theories
- Practice nursing theories are situation-specific theories that are narrow in scope and focuses on a specific patient population at a specific time.
- Practice-level nursing theories provide frameworks for nursing interventions and suggest outcomes or the effect of nursing exercise.
- Theories developed at this level accept a more directly effect on nursing practice than more abstract theories.
- These theories are interrelated with concepts from eye-range theories or g theories.
By Goal Orientation
Theories tin can too be classified based on their goals. They can exist descriptive or prescriptive .
Descriptive Theories
- Descriptive theories are the first level of theory development. They describe the phenomena and identify its properties and components in which it occurs.
- Descriptive theories are non activity-oriented or endeavor to produce or change a situation.
- In that location are ii types of descriptive theories: factor-isolating theory and explanatory theory .
Gene-Isolating Theory
- As well known as category-formulating or labeling theory.
- Theories under this category draw the properties and dimensions of phenomena.
Explanatory Theory
- Explanatory theories describe and explain the nature of relationships of certain phenomena to other phenomena.
Prescriptive Theories
- Address the nursing interventions for a phenomenon, guide practice change, and predict consequences.
- Includes propositions that call for change.
- In nursing, prescriptive theories are used to anticipate the outcomes of nursing interventions.
Other Means of Classifying Nursing Theories
Classification Co-ordinate to Meleis
Afaf Ibrahim Meleis (2011), in her bookTheoretical Nursing: Development and Progress, organizes the major nurse theories and models using the following headings: needs theories, interaction theories, and event theories. These categories indicate the basic philosophical underpinnings of the theories.
- Needs-Based Theories. The needs theorists were the start group of nurses who thought of giving nursing care a conceptual club. Theories nether this group are based on helping individuals to fulfill their concrete and mental needs. Theories of Orem, Henderson, and Abdella are categorized under this grouping. Need theories are criticized for relying too much on the medical model of health and placing the patient in an overtly dependent position.
- Interaction Theories. These theories emphasized nursing on the establishment and maintenance of relationships. They highlighted the bear upon of nursing on patients and how they interact with the environment, people, and situations. Theories of King, Orlando, and Travelbee are grouped under this category.
- Effect Theories. These theories describe the nurse every bit controlling and directing patient care using their cognition of the man physiological and behavioral systems. The nursing theories of Johnson, Levine, Rogers, and Roy belong to this group.
Classification According to Alligood
In her book, Nursing Theorists and Their Work, Raile Alligood (2017) categorized nursing theories into four headings: nursing philosophy, nursing conceptual models, nursing theories and thousand theories, and eye-range nursing theories.
- Nursing Philosophy. Information technology is the near abstract type and sets forth the pregnant of nursing phenomena through analysis, reasoning, and logical presentation. Works of Nightingale, Watson, Ray, and Benner are categorized nether this group.
- Nursing Conceptual Models. These are comprehensive nursing theories that are regarded by some every bit pioneers in nursing. These theories address the nursing metaparadigm and explicate the relationship betwixt them. Conceptual models of Levine, Rogers, Roy, King, and Orem are under this group.
- Grand Nursing Theories. Are works derived from nursing philosophies, conceptual models, and other one thousand theories that are by and large not as specific as middle-range theories. Works of Levine, Rogers, Orem, and Rex are some of the theories nether this category.
- Middle-Range Theories. Are precise and respond specific nursing practice questions. They address the specifics of nursing situations within the model's perspective or theory from which they are derived. Examples of Center-Range theories are that of Mercer, Reed, Mishel, and Barker.
List of Nursing Theories and Theorists
You've learned from the previous sections the definition of nursing theory, its significance in nursing, and its purpose in generating a nursing cognition base. This section will give yous an overview and summary of the diverse published works in nursing theory (in chronological society). Deep dive into learning about the theory by clicking on the links provided for their biography and comprehensive review of their piece of work.
Florence Nightingale
See As well: Florence Nightingale: Environmental Theory and Biography
- Founder of Modern Nursing and Pioneer of the Ecology Theory.
- Defined Nursing every bit "the human action of utilizing the environs of the patient to assistance him in his recovery."
- Stated that nursing "ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, tranquility, and the proper selection and administration of diet – all at the to the lowest degree expense of vital ability to the patient."
- Identified five (five) environmental factors: fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness or sanitation, and light or straight sunlight.
Hildegard Eastward. Peplau
See As well: Hildegard Peplau: Interpersonal Relations Theory
- Pioneered the Theory of Interpersonal Relations
- Peplau'southward theory defined Nursing equally "An interpersonal procedure of therapeutic interactions between an private who is sick or in need of health services and a nurse specially educated to recognize, respond to the need for assist."
- Her piece of work is influenced past Henry Stack Sullivan, Percival Symonds, Abraham Maslow, and Neal Elgar Miller.
- Information technology helps nurses and healthcare providers develop more than therapeutic interventions in the clinical setting.
Virginia Henderson
See Also: Virginia Henderson: Nursing Need Theory
- Developed the Nursing Need Theory
- Focuses on the importance of increasing the patient's independence to hasten their progress in the infirmary.
- Emphasizes the basic human needs and how nurses can help in coming together those needs.
- "The nurse is expected to behave out a physician'south therapeutic programme, but individualized intendance is the result of the nurse's inventiveness in planning for intendance."
Faye Glenn Abdellah
Run across Besides: Faye Glenn Abdellah: 21 Nursing Problems Theory
- Adult the 21 Nursing Problems Theory
- "Nursing is based on an art and science that molds the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the private nurse into the desire and ability to assist people, sick or well, cope with their wellness needs."
- Changed the focus of nursing from disease-centered to patient-centered and began to include families and the elderly in nursing care.
- The nursing model is intended to guide care in hospital institutions but tin also exist applied to community health nursing, too.
Ernestine Wiedenbach
- Adult The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing conceptual model.
- Definition of nursing reflects on nurse-midwife experience as "People may differ in their concept of nursing, only few would disagree that nursing is nurturing or caring for someone in a motherly style."
- Guides the nurse action in the art of nursing and specified four elements of clinical nursing: philosophy, purpose, practice, and art.
- Clinical nursing is focused on meeting the patient'south perceived need for help in a vision of nursing that indicates considerable importance on the fine art of nursing.
Lydia E. Hall
See Besides: Lydia Hall: Intendance, Cure, Core Theory
- Adult the Care, Cure, Core Theory is besides known as the "Three Cs of Lydia Hall."
- Hall defined Nursing as the "participation in care, core and cure aspects of patient care, where CARE is the sole office of nurses, whereas the Cadre and CURE are shared with other members of the wellness team."
- The major purpose of care is to attain an interpersonal human relationship with the individual to facilitate the evolution of the cadre.
- The "care" circumvolve defines a professional person nurse's primary function, such as providing bodily intendance for the patient. The "core" is the patient receiving nursing care. The "cure" is the attribute of nursing that involves the assistants of medications and treatments.
Joyce Travelbee
- States in her Human-to-Human relationship Model that the purpose of nursing was to help and support an individual, family unit, or community to foreclose or cope with the struggles of disease and suffering and, if necessary, to find significance in these occurrences, with the ultimate goal being the presence of hope.
- Nursing was accomplished through man-to-human relationships.
- Extended the interpersonal relationship theories of Peplau and Orlando.
Kathryn E. Barnard
- Adult the Child Health Assessment Model.
- Concerns improving the health of infants and their families.
- Her findings on parent-child interaction as an of import predictor of cognitive development helped shape public policy.
- She is the founder of the Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training Project (NCAST), which produces and develops research-based products, assessment, and training programs to teach professionals, parents, and other caregivers the skills to provide nurturing environments for young children.
- Borrows from psychology and human evolution and focuses on mother-infant interaction with the environment.
- Contributed a shut link to do that has modified the mode health care providers appraise children in calorie-free of the parent-child relationship.
Evelyn Adam
- Focuses on the development of models and theories on the concept of nursing.
- Includes the profession'southward goal, the casher of the professional service, the role of the professional person, the source of the casher's difficulty, the intervention of the professional person, and the consequences.
- A proficient example of using a unique footing of nursing for farther expansion.
Nancy Roper, Winifred Logan, and Alison J. Tierney
- A Model for Nursing Based on a Model of Living
- Logan produced a simple theory, "which actually helped bedside nurses."
- The trio collaborated in the fourth edition of The Elements of Nursing: A Model for Nursing Based on a Model of Living and prepared a monograph entitled The Roper-Logan-Tierney Model of Nursing: Based on Activities of Daily Living.
- Includes maintaining a rubber environment, communicating, animate, eating and drinking, eliminating, personal cleansing and dressing, controlling body temperature, mobilizing, working and playing, expressing sexuality, sleeping, and dying.
Ida Jean Orlando
See Too: Ida Jean Orlando: Nursing Process Theory
- She developed the Nursing Process Theory.
- "Patients have their own meanings and interpretations of situations, and therefore nurses must validate their inferences and analyses with patients before drawing conclusions."
- Allows nurses to formulate an effective nursing care plan that can also be easily adapted when and if any complexity comes upward with the patient.
- According to her, persons become patients requiring nursing care when they have needs for help that cannot be met independently because of their physical limitations, negative reactions to an environment, or experience that prevents them from communicating their needs.
- The function of the nurse is to find out and encounter the patient'due south immediate needs for help.
Jean Watson
See Too: Jean Watson: Theory of Human Caring
- She pioneered the Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring.
- "Nursing is concerned with promoting wellness, preventing affliction, caring for the sick, and restoring health."
- Mainly concerns with how nurses care for their patients and how that caring progresses into better plans to promote health and wellness, prevent illness and restore health.
- Focuses on health promotion, equally well equally the handling of diseases.
- Caring is central to nursing exercise and promotes health better than a simple medical cure.
Marilyn Anne Ray
- Developed the Theory of Bureaucratic Caring
- "Improved patient condom, infection command, reduction in medication errors, and overall quality of care in complex bureaucratic health care systems cannot occur without noesis and understanding of circuitous organizations, such as the political and economic systems, and spiritual-upstanding caring, compassion and right action for all patients and professionals."
- Challenges participants in nursing to think beyond their usual frame of reference and envision the earth holistically while considering the universe as a hologram.
- Presents a different view of how wellness care organizations and nursing phenomena interrelate equally wholes and parts in the system.
Patricia Benner
- Caring, Clinical Wisdom, and Ethics in Nursing Do
- "The nurse-patient relationship is non a uniform, professionalized design simply rather a kaleidoscope of intimacy and distance in some of the near dramatic, poignant, and mundane moments of life."
- Attempts to assert and reestablish nurses' caring practices when nurses are rewarded more for efficiency, technical skills, and measurable outcomes.
- States that caring practices are instilled with knowledge and skill regarding everyday man needs.
Kari Martinsen
- Philosophy of Caring
- "Nursing is founded on caring for life, on neighborly dearest, […]At the aforementioned time, the nurse must be professionally educated."
- Human beings are created and are beings for whom we may have administrative responsibility.
- Caring, solidarity, and moral practice are unavoidable realities.
Katie Eriksson
- Theory of Carative Caring
- "Caritative nursing means that nosotros take 'caritas' into utilise when caring for the man in health and suffering […] Caritative caring is a manifestation of the dear that 'just exists' […] Caring communion, true caring, occurs when the 1 caring in a spirit of caritas alleviates the suffering of the patient."
- The ultimate goal of caring is to lighten suffering and serve life and health.
- Inspired many in the Nordic countries and used it equally the footing of research, didactics, and clinical do.
Myra Estrin Levine
See Too: Myra Estrin Levine: Conservation Model for Nursing
- According to the Conservation Model, "Nursing is man interaction."
- Provides a framework within which to teach beginning nursing students.
- Logically congruent, externally and internally consistent, has breadth and depth, and is understood, with few exceptions, by professionals and consumers of health care.
Martha E. Rogers
Run into Also: Martha Rogers: Theory of Unitary Man Beings
- In Roger'southward Theory of Human being Beings, she defined Nursing as "an art and scientific discipline that is humanistic and humanitarian.
- The Science of Unitary Man Beings contains two dimensions: the science of nursing, which is the knowledge specific to the field of nursing that comes from scientific research; and the fine art of nursing, which involves using nursing creatively to help meliorate the lives of the patient.
- A patient tin can't be separated from his or her environment when addressing health and treatment.
Dorothea Due east. Orem
Run across Also: Dorothea E. Orem: Self-Intendance Theory
- In her Self-Intendance Theory, she defined Nursing as "The act of assisting others in the provision and direction of self-care to maintain or ameliorate homo operation at the abode level of effectiveness."
- Focuses on each private's ability to perform self-care.
- Equanimous of three interrelated theories: (ane) the theory of self-care, (2) the self-care arrears theory, and (3) the theory of nursing systems, which is further classified into wholly compensatory, partially compensatory, and supportive-educative.
Imogene Thousand. King
See Also: Imogene M. Rex: Theory of Goal Attainment
- Conceptual System and Middle-Range Theory of Goal Attainment
- "Nursing is a process of action, reaction and interaction by which nurse and customer share information well-nigh their perception in a nursing situation" and "a process of human interactions between nurse and customer whereby each perceives the other and the situation, and through communication, they gear up goals, explore means, and agree on means to achieve goals."
- Focuses on this process to guide and directly nurses in the nurse-patient human relationship, going mitt-in-hand with their patients to see practiced health goals.
- Explains that the nurse and patient go hand-in-paw in communicating data, prepare goals together, and then take deportment to accomplish those goals.
Betty Neuman
See Besides: Betty Neuman: Neuman'due south Systems Model
- In Neuman's System Model, she defined nursing as a "unique profession in that is concerned with all of the variables affecting an private'due south response to stress."
- The focus is on the client as a system (which may be an individual, family, group, or customs) and on the client's responses to stressors.
- The client system includes five variables (physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual). Information technology is conceptualized as an inner core (basic energy resources) surrounded past concentric circles that include lines of resistance, a normal defence line, and a flexible line of defence.
Sister Callista Roy
Run across Also: Sister Callista Roy: Adaptation Model of Nursing
- In Adaptation Model, Roy defined nursing as a "health care profession that focuses on human life processes and patterns and emphasizes the promotion of health for individuals, families, groups, and society equally a whole."
- Views the individual as a set of interrelated systems that strives to maintain a balance between various stimuli.
- Inspired the development of many middle-range nursing theories and adaptation instruments.
Dorothy E. Johnson
See Too: Dorothy E. Johnson:Behavioral Systems Model
- The Behavioral System Model divers Nursing as "an external regulatory force that acts to preserve the organization and integrate the patients' behaviors at an optimum level under those conditions in which the beliefs constitutes a threat to the physical or social wellness or in which illness is plant."
- Advocates to foster efficient and effective behavioral performance in the patient to prevent disease and stresses the importance of research-based cognition virtually the outcome of nursing care on patients.
- Describes the person as a behavioral arrangement with seven subsystems: the achievement, attachment-affiliative, aggressive-protective, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, and sexual subsystems.
Anne Boykin and Savina O. Schoenhofer
- The Theory of Nursing as Caring: A Model for Transforming Do
- Nursing is an "exquisitely interwoven" unity of aspects of the subject and profession of nursing.
- Nursing'due south focus and aim as a field of study of knowledge and a professional person service are "nurturing persons living to intendance and growing in caring."
- Caring in nursing is "an donating, active expression of love, and is the intentional and embodied recognition of value and connectedness."
Afaf Ibrahim Meleis
- Transitions Theory
- Information technology began with observations of experiences faced as people deal with changes related to health, well-being, and the power to intendance for themselves.
- Types of transitions include developmental, health and illness, situational, and organizational.
- Acknowledges the role of nurses as they aid people go through health/affliction and life transitions.
- Focuses on assisting nurses in facilitating patients', families', and communities' salubrious transitions.
Nola J. Pender
Run across Also: Nola Pender: Health Promotion Model
- Health Promotion Model
- Describes the interaction between the nurse and the consumer while because the role of the health promotion environment.
- Information technology focuses on iii areas: individual characteristics and experiences, beliefs-specific cognitions and touch on, and behavioral outcomes.
- Describes the multidimensional nature of persons as they collaborate within their surround to pursue health.
Madeleine M. Leininger
Run into As well:Madeleine 1000. Leininger: Transcultural Nursing Theory
- Culture Care Theory of Diversity and Universality
- Defined transcultural nursing as "a noun area of study and practice focused on comparative cultural care (caring) values, behavior, and practices of individuals or groups of similar or different cultures to provide culture-specific and universal nursing care practices in promoting health or well-beingness or to help people to face unfavorable human being weather, disease, or death in culturally meaningful ways."
- Involves learning and understanding various cultures regarding nursing and health-disease caring practices, beliefs, and values to implement significant and efficient nursing care services to people co-ordinate to their cultural values and health-illness context.
- It focuses on the fact that diverse cultures take unlike and unique caring behaviors and different wellness and illness values, beliefs, and patterns of behaviors.
Margaret A. Newman
- Health as Expanding Consciousness
- "Nursing is the process of recognizing the patient in relation to the environment, and it is the process of the understanding of consciousness."
- "The theory of health as expanding consciousness was stimulated by concern for those for whom health equally the absenteeism of disease or disability is not possible . . . "
- Nursing is regarded as a connexion betwixt the nurse and patient, and both grow in the sense of higher levels of consciousness.
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
- Homo Becoming Theory
- "Nursing is a science, and the performing fine art of nursing is practiced in relationships with persons (individuals, groups, and communities) in their processes of becoming."
- Explains that a person is more than the sum of the parts, the environment, and the person is inseparable and that nursing is a human science and art that uses an abstract body of cognition to assist people.
- Information technology centered around 3 themes: meaning, rhythmicity, and transcendence.
Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, and Mary Ann P. Beau
- Modeling and Function-Modeling
- "Nursing is the holistic helping of persons with their cocky-intendance activities in relation to their health . . . The goal is to reach a land of perceived optimum health and contentment."
- Modeling is a procedure that allows nurses to empathise the unique perspective of a customer and learn to appreciate its importance.
- Function-modeling occurs when the nurse plans and implements interventions that are unique for the client.
Gladys L. Husted and James H. Husted
- Created the Symphonological Bioethical Theory
- "Symphonology (from 'symphonia,' a Greek give-and-take meaning agreement) is a arrangement of ideals based on the terms and preconditions of an agreement."
- Nursing cannot occur without both nurse and patient. "A nurse takes no actions that are not interactions."
- Founded on the atypical concept of human rights, the essential agreement of non-aggression among rational people forms the foundation of all homo interaction.
Ramona T. Mercer
- Maternal Role Attainment—Becoming a Mother
- "Nursing is a dynamic profession with three major foci: health promotion and prevention of illness, providing intendance for those who need professional assistance to reach their optimal level of health and functioning, and research to enhance the knowledge base for providing excellent nursing care."
- "Nurses are the health professionals having the most sustained and intense interaction with women in the motherhood cycle."
- Maternal part attainment is an interactional and developmental procedure occurring over time. The female parent becomes attached to her baby, acquires competence in the caretaking tasks involved in the role, and expresses pleasure and gratification. (Mercer, 1986).
- Provides proper health care interventions for nontraditional mothers for them to favorably adopt a strong maternal identity.
Merle H. Mishel
- Doubtfulness in Illness Theory
- Presents a comprehensive structure to view the experience of acute and chronic affliction and organize nursing interventions to promote optimal aligning.
- Describes how individuals form meaning from illness-related situations.
- The original theory'south concepts were organized in a linear model effectually the following three major themes: Antecedents of uncertainty, Process of dubiety appraisal, and Coping with incertitude.
Pamela Thousand. Reed
- Cocky-Transcendence Theory
- Self-transcendence refers to the fluctuation of perceived boundaries that extend the person (or self) across the firsthand and constricted views of self and the world (Reed, 1997).
- Has three basic concepts: vulnerability, self-transcendence, and well-being.
- Gives insight into the developmental nature of humans associated with wellness circumstances connected to nursing care.
Carolyn L. Wiener and Marylin J. Dodd
- Theory of Illness Trajectory
- "The uncertainty surrounding a chronic disease like cancer is the uncertainty of life writ large. By listening to those who are tolerating this exaggerated doubt, we tin learn much about the trajectory of living."
- Provides a framework for nurses to understand how cancer patients stand up uncertainty manifested as a loss of command.
- Provides new noesis on how patients and families suffer uncertainty and piece of work strategically to reduce uncertainty through a dynamic flow of illness events, treatment situations, and varied players involved in care organization.
Georgene Gaskill Eakes, Mary Lermann Shush, and Margaret A. Hainsworth
- Theory of Chronic Sorrow
- "Chronic sorrow is the presence of pervasive grief-related feelings that have been constitute to occur periodically throughout the lives of individuals with chronic health conditions, their family caregivers and the bereaved."
- This middle-range theory defines the attribute of chronic sorrow equally a normal response to the ongoing disparity created past the loss.
Phil Barker
- Barker'south Tidal Model of Mental Health Recovery is widely used in mental health nursing.
- It focuses on nursing's fundamental care processes, is universally applicable, and is a practical guide for psychiatry and mental health nursing.
- Draws on values about relating to people and aid others in their moments of distress. The values of the Tidal Model are revealed in the X Commitments: Value the voice, Respect the linguistic communication, Develop genuine curiosity, Become the apprentice, Utilize the bachelor toolkit, Craft the stride across, Give the gift of fourth dimension, Reveal personal wisdom, Know that change is constant, and Exist transparent.
Katharine Kolcaba
- Theory of Comfort
- "Comfort is an antitoxin to the stressors inherent in health care situations today, and when condolement is enhanced, patients and families are strengthened for the tasks ahead. Also, nurses feel more satisfied with the care they are giving."
- Patient condolement exists in three forms: relief, ease, and transcendence. These comforts can occur in 4 contexts: concrete, psychospiritual, ecology, and sociocultural.
- As a patient's comfort needs change, the nurse's interventions alter, every bit well.
Cheryl Tatano Beck
- Postpartum Depression Theory
- "The nascence of a baby is an occasion for joy—or and then the proverb goes […] But for some women, joy is non an selection."
- Described nursing as a caring profession with caring obligations to persons we care for, students, and each other.
- Provides evidence to sympathize and prevent postpartum depression.
Kristen M. Swanson
- Theory of Caring
- "Caring is a nurturing way of relating to a valued other toward whom ane feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibleness."
- Defines nursing as informed caring for the well-being of others.
- Offers a construction for improving up-to-date nursing practice, teaching, and research while bringing the discipline to its traditional values and caring-healing roots.
Cornelia M. Ruland and Shirley K. Moore
- Peaceful Cease-of-Life Theory
- The focus was not on death itself but on providing a peaceful and meaningful living in the time that remained for patients and their significant others.
- The purpose was to reflect the complexity involved in caring for terminally ill patients.
References
Suggested readings and resource for this study guide:
- Alligood, M., & Tomey, A. (2010). Nursing theorists and their work, seventh edition (No ed.). Maryland Heights: Mosby-Elsevier.
- Alligood, M. R. (2017).Nursing Theorists and Their Work-Due east-Book. Elsevier Wellness Sciences.
- Barnard, G. East. (1984). Nursing research related to infants and immature children. InAlmanac review of nursing enquiry (pp. three-25). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
- Chocolate-brown, H. I. (1979).Perception, theory, and commitment: The new philosophy of science. University of Chicago Press. [Link]
- Brown M (1964) Inquiry in the development of nursing theory: the importance of a theoretical framework in nursing enquiry. Nursing Inquiry.
- Chinn, P. 50., & Jacobs, Yard. K. (1978). A model for theory development in nursing.Advances in Nursing Science,one(1), one-12. [Link]
- Colley, S. (2003). Nursing theory: its importance to practice. Nursing Standard (through 2013), 17(46), 33. [Link]
- Fawcett, J. (2005). Criteria for evaluation of theory. Nursing science quarterly, 18(2), 131-135. [Link]
- Fitzpatrick, J. J., & Whall, A. L. (Eds.). (1996).Conceptual models of nursing: Analysis and awarding. Connecticut, Norwalk: Appleton & Lange.
- Kaplan, A. (2017).The conduct of inquiry: Methodology for behavioural scientific discipline. Routledge. [Link]
- Meleis, A. I. (2011).Theoretical nursing: Development and progress. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Neuman, B. M., & Fawcett, J. (2002). The Neuman systems model.
- Nightingale F (1860) Notes on Nursing. New York NY, Appleton.
- Peplau H (1988) The art and scientific discipline of nursing: similarities, differences, and relations. Nursing Science Quarterly
- Rogers M (1970) An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing. Philadelphia PA, FA Davis.
Source: https://nurseslabs.com/nursing-theories/
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